pohon baobab

Pohon Baobab, Pohon Besar Yang Kelihatan Terbalik

Adansonia Digitata , atau pohon Baobab adalah pohon yang tampak aneh yang tumbuh di dataran rendah di Afrika dan Australia. Baobab juga disebut pohon yang terbalik karena minim daun, cabang-cabang Baobab seperti mencuat ke udara, seolah-olah telah ditanam terbalik.

Legenda menyatakan bahwa dewa Thora tidak menyukai Baobab tumbuh di kebunnya, sehingga ia melemparkannya dari atas dinding surga ke bumi di bawah, dan meskipun pohon itu mendarat terbalik namun pohon itu terus tumbuh. Cerita lain bahwa ketika Baobab ditanam oleh Dewa, tapi pohon itu terus berjalan , sehingga Tuhan menarik pohon itu ke atas dan menanannya terbalik untuk menghentikannya bergerak.


Baobab ini diakui oleh orang Afrika karena semua bagiannya dapat dimanfaatkan.Selain menjadi sumber penting kayu, batang-batang berongga oleh orang-orang sering digunakan untuk tempat berlindung, penyimpanan biji-bijian atau sebagaireservoirair.

Baobab dapat tumbuh mencapai ketinggian 5 sampai 30 meter dan memilikidiameter batang 7 sampai 11 meter. Satu Baobab di Provinsi Limpopo, Afrika Selatan, sering dianggap contoh pohon Baobab terbesar yang masih hidup. Pohon itu memiliki keliling 47meter - diameternya diperkirakan sekitar 15,9 meter. Baru-baru ini pohon itu terbagi menjadi dua bagian dan sangat mungkin bahwa pohonstoutest sekarang adalah Sunland Baobab, juga di Afrika Selatan dengan diameter10,64 m dan keliling perkiraan 33,4 meter. Baobabs juga dapat mencapai usiaribuan tahun


Batang cekung juga berfungsi sebagai tempat pemakaman. Beberapa produk yangpaling penting berasal dari kulit pohonnya, yang mengandung serat yang digunakan untuk membuat jaring ikan, tali, karung dan pakaian. 

Kulit kayunya juga dapat tanah menjadi bubuk untuk aroma makanan. Daun baobabyang secara tradisional digunakan untuk ragi tetapi juga digunakan sebagai sayuran. buah-buahan dan bijijuga dimakan bagi manusia dan hewan.isi dari buah,ketika dikeringkan dapat dicampur dengan air, membuat minuman yang rasanyamirip dengan limun. Benihnya, yang rasanya seperti creamtartar dan merupakansumber vitamin C, secara tradisional ditumbuk ke dalam makanan ketika makananlainnya langka. Produk lain seperti sabun, kalung, lem, obat karet, dan kain dapatdihasilkan dari berbagai bagian dari pohon baobab

a type of skin disease

Types of Skin Diseases . Numerous types of skin diseases that can attack us at any time. For the problem of violence in the disease was varied. As well as panu disease until skin disease hard to healing. Sure you would not believe if this skin disease can result in death. It is obvious the case.Because skin is the body's first line of defense when attacked by bacteria or viruses. The most simple example, our skin when exposed to sunlight for too long, will go out there and spread to other organs.

Types of Skin Diseases

Some of the main defense against bacterial or virus attack, the skin also serves to keep the body temperature to remain stable and as a tool to remove some dirt-dirt. Disruption of the skin is very annoying and can inhibit our activities. disorders of the skin often occur due to many factors, among others, that is the weather, the range of accommodation, unsanitary living habits, allergies, and others.And skin diseases that often occur are as follows:

Types of Skin Diseases

1.Eksim (Dermatitis).
the main symptoms of eczema sufferers feel is excessive itching of the skin. Then accompanied by squeezing the skin, scaly and cracked, there is a small blisters or pus containing water. Hands, feet, inner thighs and ear are part of the body most often affected by eczema. Eczema divided into two, namely dry and wet eczema. In wet eczema, also will feel hot and cold over the skin. Eczema allergy because of certain chemical stimuli as found in detergents, soaps, drugs and cosmetics, sensitivity to certain foods such as shrimp, fish, eggs , chicken meat, alcohol, vetsin (MSG), and others. Eczema can also be caused due to crop pollen allergy, dust, rangangan climate, even emotional disturbances.Eczema is often attacked in the most talented people with allergies. This disease often occurs repeatedly or relapse. Therefore, it should be noted to avoid things or substances that can cause allergies (alergen.) But, with proper treatment, the disease can be handled well, so reducing the number of recurrence. In some cases, the eczema will disappear along with the increasing age of patients. The main objective of treatment is relieve itching of the skin in order to avoid infection. When the skin feels very itchy and dry after committing or touch something, we suggest you use moisturizing cream to moisturize the skin. These actions are better carried out when the skin is still slightly wet, like after a bath. Which is applied until the moisturizer will protect the skin. To reduce itching, skin should be compressed with cold water. ointments or creams containing corticosteroids such as hydrokortison given to reduce inflammation or inflammatory process. For severe cases, corticosteroids should swallow tablets. When the area affected by eczema was infected with an antibiotic to kill bacteria swallowed to cause infection. other required medicine is an antihistamine to reduce itching that is too heavy, and cyclosporin for patients who do not berespon against all types of treatment provided.


 2.Bisul (Furunkel). Boils is a form of dermatitis bump, it appears to express, which will grow. This bump fills with pus, and feels warm and beating. Boils can grow in all parts of the body. But more to grow at a slow part of the body, such as, folding legs, butt gap, around the neck and armpits, and also the head.boil because the bacterial infection Stafilokokus aureus on the skin through hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, and then create infection local. Factors that increase the risk of ulcers among other poor hygiene, infected wounds, softening of diabetes, cosmetics that clog pores, and the use of chemicals. To prevent ulcers, should remain hygiene and environmental, and nutritional intake should be completely observed. Because good nutrition will strengthen the body resistance.


 3.Campak (Rubella). It is an acute infectious disease caused by viruses. Usually your child. Early symptoms of measles are fever, sniffles, sneezes, you feel fatigue, headache, appetite decreased drastically and inflammation. After several days of symptoms itchy red rash appears, gets larger, spread to several parts of the body.


 4.Kudis (Skabies). Scabies is a disease caused by parasitic mites that itch that is scabiei var hominis sarcoptes. Infected skin sores happen more in the slums and do not take care of the body. Symptoms of scabies is the itch is so great at night, especially on the sidelines on your toes, hands, under the armpits, genitals, kidney and others. Scabies is very easy to spread to other people, are not directly or indirectly. have a direct course through skin contact with skin contact with sores of others. Can be spread indirectly through towels or clothing worn interchangeably with patients with scabies. Very simple way to avoid scabies course with the cleanliness of the environment and the body.


 5.Kurap. Ringworm occurs because fungi. Usually the symptoms are skin become thickened and the skin arise circles increasingly clear, scaly, moist and succulent and prickly. Then the circles will appear white spots. Ringworm arise because less keep their skin clean. Body part that is usually attacked ringworm of the neck, neck, and scalp


. 6.Psoriasis. Psoriasis including confidential diagnosed skin disease. Normal part of the body affected by eczema are the same as normal parts of the body affected with psoriasis, plus scalp, buttocks, bottom, palms, and soles of the feet. Stress, trauma, and low calcium levels can cause psoriasis. Psoriasis is not infectious diseases, but is decreased.Incidence of psoriasis symptoms are red spots on which the scales are thick and clinging white-layered. When you scratch, the scales will fall out. First, skin surface area is small, and the longer it is widening.


 7.Melanoma. Melanoma is a very serious skin cancer, so it can cause death if not treated.Melanoma is a type of cancer that causes changes in skin moles, very dangerous if it appears on the neck or scalp. One of the precursors to melanoma is a mole that grows. In addition there is a change in mole color and visible signs of inflammation in the skin around the mole.


 8.Impetigo. Impetigo is a contagious skin disease, usually caused by bacteria. Impetigo causes the skin to become itchy, fluid filled blisters and red skin. Impetigo is very easily occur in children ages two to six years. Bacteria usually enter the skin through insect bites, cuts, or scratches. Cleanliness is very important for people with impetigo


. 9.Jerawat. Based on research, around 80 percent of all the people ever have acne. Acne as a skin disease caused by bacteria that grows in the skin and pores connect to oil glands under the skin. Acne can develop if treatment is not done in the early stages of his appearance. Acne not only grow in the face, but can also grow in other parts of the body, especially hips. Former Eliminate Acne How and How to Get rid of blackheads , you can see the previous article.




eastlifes.com

vitiligo

Vitiligo is a common acquired disorder characterized by well-marginated milky white spots resulting from loss of melanocytes. Vitiligo is associated with risks of ocular abnormalities and some autoimmune disorders. In Indian and some other cultures, this innocuous disease has been associated with social stigma since ancient times. Confusion with leprosy is partly responsible for this.

ETIOLOGY & PATHOGENESIS

Epidemiological studies suggest that vitiligo or a susceptibility to the disease may be inherited and about one fourth to one third of patients have family members affected with the disease. A multifactorial pattern of inheritance is revealed in most studies.  Three possible mechanisms that may cause destruction of melanocytes, the pigment ­producing cells of the skin, has been suggested by different workers.  The autoimmune hypothesis originated from the observation that vitiligo is associated with some autoimmune diseases. Both cellular and humoral factors responsible for autoimmune damage to melanocytes have been demonstrated.   The autocytotoxic or self-destruct hypothesis suggests that some toxic molecules produced during the biosynthesis of melanin are responsible for melanocyte damage in susceptible individuals.  The neural hypothesis postulates that neurochemicals liberated from nerve endings are toxic to melanocytes. The varied clinical and laboratory findings ,however, indicate that multiple mechanisms may be responsible for the causation of vitiligo in an individual.

CLINICAL FEATURES

Vitiligo affects all races with an average frequency of 1 to 2 per cent of the population. Both sexes are affected equally and the disease may develop at any age. The peak age of onset in most series was between 10 and 30 years. Stressful life events or physical trauma can often precipitate the onset of disease.  The typical macule of vitiligo is easily recognized by well-circumscribed milky white spots of varying sizes without any other discernable surface change of the skin. The hairs on the patch may turn gray. There may be a single spot or numerous white macules distributed all over the body. With passage of time, the macules may enlarge and coalesce to produce extensive pigment loss. The lesions are symptomless.  Vitiligo lesions may result from ‘Koebner phenomenon’ i.e., appearance of new lesions at sites of non-specific trauma such as abrasion, surgical scars, severe sunburn or inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis or eczema. According to the extent of involvement and pattern of distribution, vitiligo is clinically categorized into focal, segmental, generalized, acrofacial, and universal types.  Focal vitiligo is an isolated macule or a few macules in a localized non-dermatomal distribution.  Segmental vitiligo is characterized by macules in a unilateral dermatomal distribution. This type of disease usually pursues a stable course.   Generalized vitiligo is the most common type showing macules in a generalized widespread distribution. There is often striking symmetry  of affection and involvement of extensor surfaces. Face (particularly around the orifices), neck, bony prominences of hands, legs; axillae and mucosal surfaces are particularly affected. Acrofacial vitiligo affects distal end of fingers and facial orifices in circumferential pattern.  Universal Vitiligo implies loss of pigment over the entire body surface area with only isolated islands of normal pigmentation remaining.  Associated diseases:  Patients with vitiligo have an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases like thyroid diseases, Addison's disease, pernicious anaemia and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Auto antibodies against other organs may be detected in the absence of clinical evidence of the diseases. Premature graying of hair and alopecia areata are important cutaneous associations in some patients. The pigment epithelium of retina and choroid are developmentally derived from the neural crest, the cutaneous melanocytes originate from the same embryonic structure. They may share the susceptibility to damage in vitiligo; iris and retinal pigmentary anomalies in the absence of ophthalmologic complaints may be detected in a proportion of the patients. Iritis may be found in a small number of patients.  Psychosocial impact of vitiligo : Although vitiligo by itself is asymptomatic and does not cause any physical discomfort or disability, it may be associated with devastating psychological and social consequences. Since a person's appearance is a major determinant of his/her personality traits, vitiligo, by causing cosmetic blemishes can have major impact on personality. Feeling of stress and embarrassment on social contacts, lack of confidence and lowered self ­esteem may be detrimental to the patients, particularly when the spots are on visible area of the body. The psychological impact can have serious implications in deeply pigmented races such as Indians, in whom the contrast between the normally dark skin and the white lesions can be marked.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

Post-inflammatory hypo- or depigmention Nevus depigmentosus Pityriasis versicolor Pityriasis alba Leprosy Chemical leukoderma bahasa indonesia Vitiligo adalah gangguan diperoleh umum ditandai dengan baik marginated bintik-bintik putih susu akibat hilangnya melanosit. Vitiligo dikaitkan dengan risiko kelainan okular dan beberapa gangguan autoimun. Di India dan beberapa budaya lain, penyakit ini tidak berbahaya telah dikaitkan dengan stigma sosial sejak zaman kuno. Kebingungan dengan kusta adalah sebagian bertanggung jawab untuk ini.   Etiologi & PATOGENESISDARI Studi epidemiologis menunjukkan bahwa vitiligo atau kerentanan terhadap penyakit dapat diwariskan dan sekitar seperempat sampai sepertiga pasien memiliki anggota keluarga terkena dengan penyakit. Pola pewarisan multifaktorial terungkap dalam kebanyakan studi.  Tiga kemungkinan mekanisme yang dapat menyebabkan kerusakan melanosit, sel yang memproduksi pigmen pada kulit, telah disarankan oleh pekerja yang berbeda.  Para hipotesis autoimun berasal dari pengamatan bahwa vitiligo berkaitan dengan beberapa penyakit autoimun. Kedua faktor seluler dan humoral bertanggung jawab atas kerusakan autoimun untuk melanosit telah dibuktikan.   Para hipotesis autocytotoxic atau merusak diri sendiri menunjukkan bahwa beberapa molekul beracun yang dihasilkan selama biosintesis melanin bertanggung jawab atas kerusakan melanosit pada individu yang rentan.  Para hipotesis saraf mendalilkan bahwa zat kimia saraf dibebaskan dari ujung saraf adalah racun bagi melanosit. Temuan klinis dan laboratorium bervariasi, bagaimanapun, menunjukkan bahwa beberapa mekanisme mungkin bertanggung jawab atas penyebab vitiligo dalam individu. KLINIS Vitiligo mempengaruhi semua ras dengan frekuensi rata-rata 1 sampai 2 persen dari populasi. Kedua jenis kelamin dipengaruhi sama dan penyakit ini dapat berkembang pada usia berapa pun. Usia puncak onset dalam seri terbanyak adalah antara 10 dan 30 tahun. Peristiwa kehidupan yang penuh stres atau trauma fisik sering dapat memicu timbulnya penyakit.  Para makula khas vitiligo mudah diakui oleh baik dibatasi bintik-bintik putih susu berbagai ukuran tanpa perubahan permukaan lainnya discernable kulit. Bulu-bulu pada patch dapat berubah abu-abu. Mungkin ada satu tempat atau makula putih banyak didistribusikan di seluruh tubuh. Dengan berlalunya waktu, makula bisa membesar dan menyatu untuk menghasilkan hilangnya pigmen luas. Lesi adalah tanpa gejala.  Lesi vitiligo bisa terjadi akibat yaitu 'Koebner fenomena', munculnya lesi baru di situs non-spesifik trauma seperti abrasi, luka bedah, luka bakar yang parah atau penyakit kulit inflamasi seperti psoriasis atau eksim. Menurut tingkat keterlibatan dan pola distribusi, vitiligo secara klinis dikategorikan menjadi fokus, segmental, umum, jenis acrofacial, dan universal.  Focal vitiligo adalah makula terisolasi atau beberapa makula dalam distribusi dermatomal non-lokal.  Vitiligo segmental ditandai oleh makula dalam distribusi dermatomal sepihak. Jenis penyakit biasanya mengejar arah yang stabil.   Umum vitiligo adalah jenis yang paling umum menampilkan makula dalam distribusi luas umum. Ada sering simetri mencolok kasih sayang dan keterlibatan permukaan ekstensor. Wajah (khususnya di sekitar lubang), leher, prominences tulang tangan, kaki, aksila dan permukaan mukosa yang umumnya terpengaruh. Acrofacial vitiligo mempengaruhi ujung distal jari dan lubang wajah dalam pola melingkar.  Universal Vitiligo menyiratkan hilangnya pigmen lebih luas permukaan seluruh tubuh dengan hanya pulau-pulau terisolasi pigmentasi normal yang tersisa.  Associated penyakit:  Pasien dengan vitiligo memiliki peningkatan risiko mengembangkan penyakit autoimun seperti penyakit tiroid, penyakit Addison, anemia pernisiosa dan insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Auto antibodi terhadap organ lainnya dapat dideteksi dengan tidak adanya bukti klinis dari penyakit. Beruban prematur rambut dan alopecia areata adalah asosiasi kulit penting pada beberapa pasien. Epitel pigmen retina dan koroid yang perkembangannya berasal dari puncak saraf, melanosit kulit berasal dari struktur embrio yang sama. Yang dibagi pada kerentanan terhadap kerusakan di vitiligo; iris dan anomali pigmen retina tanpa adanya keluhan ophthalmologic dapat dideteksi pada sebagian pasien. Iritis dapat ditemukan dalam sejumlah kecil pasien.  Psikososial dampak vitiligo : Meskipun vitiligo dengan sendirinya adalah asimtomatik dan tidak menimbulkan ketidaknyamanan fisik atau cacat, dapat dikaitkan dengan konsekuensi psikologis dan sosial yang dahsyat. Sejak penampilan seseorang adalah penentu utama nya / sifat, vitiligo, dengan menyebabkan noda kosmetik dapat memiliki dampak yang besar pada kepribadian. Merasa stres dan malu pada kontak sosial, kurang percaya diri dan merendahkan harga diri mungkin merugikan pasien, terutama ketika bintik pada daerah tubuh yang terlihat. Dampak psikologis dapat memiliki implikasi serius dalam ras berpigmen seperti India, dimana kontras antara kulit biasanya gelap dan lesi putih dapat ditandai. DIAGNOSIS BANDING Pasca-inflamasi hipo-atau depigmention Nevus depigmentosus Pityriasis versicolor Pityriasis alba Kusta Kimia leukoderma

vitiligo

What is vitiligo, and what causes it?

Vitiligo (pronounced vit-ill-EYE-go) is a pigmentation disorder in which melanocytes (the cells that make pigment) in the skin are destroyed. As a result, white patches appear on the skin in different parts of the body. Similar patches also appear on both the mucous membranes (tissues that line the inside of the mouth and nose) and the retina (inner layer of the eyeball). The hair that grows on areas affected by vitiligo sometimes turns white.

The cause of vitiligo is not known, but doctors and researchers have several different theories. There is strong evidence that people with vitiligo inherit a group of three genes that make them susceptible to depigmentation. The most widely accepted view is that the depigmentation occurs because vitiligo is an autoimmunedisease -- a disease in which a person's immune system reacts against the body's own organs or tissues. People's bodies produce proteins called cytokines that, in vitiligo, alter their pigment-producing cells and cause these cells to die. Another theory is that melanocytes destroy themselves. Finally, some people have reported that a single event such as sunburn or emotional distress triggered vitiligo; however, these events have not been scientifically proven as causes of vitiligo.

Who is affected by vitiligo?

About 0.5 to 1 percent of the world's population, or as many as 65 million people, have vitiligo. In the United States, 1 to 2 million people have the disorder. Half the people who have vitiligo develop it before age 20; most develop it before their 40th birthday. The disorder affects both sexes and all races equally; however, it is more noticeable in people with dark skin.

Vitiligo seems to be somewhat more common in people with certain autoimmune diseases, including hyperthyroidism (an overactive thyroid gland), adrenocortical insufficiency (the adrenal gland does not produce enough of the hormone called corticosteroid), alopecia areata (patches of baldness), and pernicious anemia (a low level of red blood cells caused by the failure of the body to absorb vitamin B₁₂). Scientists do not know the reason for the association between vitiligo and these autoimmune diseases. However, most people with vitiligo have no other autoimmune disease.

Vitiligo may also be hereditary; that is, it can run in families. Children whoseparents have the disorder are more likely to develop vitiligo. In fact, 30 percent of people with vitiligo have a family member with the disease. However, only 5 to 7 percent of children will get vitiligo even if a parent has it, and most people with vitiligo do not have a family history of the disorder  

 medicinenet.com